---
title: User/Group Record Lookup API via Varlink
category: Users, Groups and Home Directories
layout: default
SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
---

# User/Group Record Lookup API via Varlink

JSON User/Group Records (as described in the [JSON User Records](/USER_RECORD)
and [JSON Group Records](/GROUP_RECORD) documents) that are defined on the
local system may be queried with a [Varlink](https://varlink.org/) API.
This API takes both the role of what
[`getpwnam(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/getpwnam.3.html) and
related calls are for `struct passwd`, as well as the interfaces modules
implementing the [glibc Name Service Switch
(NSS)](https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Name-Service-Switch.html) expose.
Or in other words, it both allows applications to efficiently query
user/group records from local services, and allows local subsystems to provide
user/group records efficiently to local applications.

The concepts described here define an IPC interface.
Alternatively, user/group records may be dropped in number of drop-in directories as files where they are
picked up in addition to the users/groups defined by this IPC logic.
See
[`nss-systemd(8)`](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/nss-systemd.html)
for details.

This simple API only exposes only three method calls, and requires only a small
subset of the Varlink functionality.

## Why Varlink?

The API described in this document is based on a simple subset of the
mechanisms described by [Varlink](https://varlink.org/).
The choice of preferring Varlink over D-Bus and other IPCs in this context was made for three reasons:

1. User/Group record resolution should work during early boot and late shutdown
   without special handling.
   This is very hard to do with D-Bus, as the broker service for D-Bus generally runs as regular system daemon and is hence only
   available at the latest boot stage.

2. The JSON user/group records are native JSON data, hence picking an IPC
   system that natively operates with JSON data is natural and clean.

3. IPC systems such as D-Bus do not provide flow control and are thus unusable
   for streaming data.
   They are useful to pass around short control messages, but as soon as potentially many and large objects shall be transferred,
   D-Bus is not suitable, as any such streaming of messages would be considered
   flooding in D-Bus' logic, and thus possibly result in termination of communication.
   Since the APIs defined in this document need to support enumerating potentially large numbers of users and groups,
   D-Bus is simply not an appropriate option.

## Concepts

Each subsystem that needs to define users and groups on the local system is
supposed to implement this API, and offer its interfaces on a Varlink
`AF_UNIX`/`SOCK_STREAM` file system socket bound into the
`/run/systemd/userdb/` directory.
When a client wants to look up a user or group record, it contacts all sockets bound in this directory in parallel,
and enqueues the same query to each.
The first positive reply is then returned to the application, or if all fail the last seen error is returned instead.
(Alternatively a special Varlink service is available,
`io.systemd.Multiplexer` which acts as frontend and will do the parallel
queries on behalf of the client, drastically simplifying client development.
This service is not available during earliest boot and final shutdown phases.)

Unlike with glibc NSS there's no order or programmatic expression language
defined in which queries are issued to the various services.
Instead, all queries are always enqueued in parallel to all defined services, in order to
make look-ups efficient, and the simple rule of "first successful lookup wins"
is unconditionally followed for user and group look-ups (though not for
membership lookups, see below).

This simple scheme only works safely as long as every service providing
user/group records carefully makes sure not to answer with conflicting records.
This API does not define any mechanisms for dealing with user/group
name/ID collisions during look-up nor during record registration.
It assumes the various subsystems that want to offer user and group records to the rest of
the system have made sufficiently sure in advance that their definitions do not
collide with those of other services.
Clients are not expected to merge multiple definitions for the same user or group,
and will also not be able to detect conflicts and suppress such conflicting records.

It is recommended to name the sockets in the directory in reverse domain name
notation, but this is neither required nor enforced.

## Well-Known Services

Any subsystem that wants to provide user/group records can do so, simply by
binding a socket in the aforementioned directory.
By default two services are listening there, that have special relevance:

1. `io.systemd.NameServiceSwitch` → This service makes the classic UNIX/glibc
   NSS user/group records available as JSON User/Group records.
   Any such records are automatically converted as needed, and possibly augmented with
   information from the shadow databases.

2. `io.systemd.Multiplexer` → This service multiplexes client queries to all other running services.
   It's supposed to simplify client development: in order to look up or enumerate user/group records it's sufficient to talk to
   one service instead of all of them in parallel.
   Note that it is not available during earliest boot and final shutdown phases, hence for programs running
   in that context it is preferable to implement the parallel lookup themselves.

Both these services are implemented by the same daemon
`systemd-userdbd.service`.

Note that these services currently implement a subset of Varlink only.
For example, introspection is not available, and the resolver logic is not used.

## Other Services

The `systemd` project provides several other services implementing this
interface. Specifically:

1. `io.systemd.DynamicUser` → This service is implemented by the service
   manager itself, and provides records for the users and groups synthesized
   via `DynamicUser=` in unit files.

2. `io.systemd.Home` → This service is implemented by `systemd-homed.service`
   and provides records for the users and groups defined by the home
   directories it manages.

3. `io.systemd.Machine` → This service is implemented by
   `systemd-machined.service` and provides records for the users and groups used
   by local containers that use user namespacing.

4. `io.systemd.DropIn` → This service is implemented by
   `systemd-userdbd.service` and allows storing JSON user records in drop-in
   files in the `/etc/userdb/`, `/run/userdb/`, `/run/host/userdb/` or
   `/usr/lib/userdb/` directories.

5. `io.systemd.NamespaceResource` → This service is implemented by
   `systemd-nsresourced.service` and defines a pair of user and group records
   for every UID/GID assigned to user namespaces transiently allocated via the
   service.

Other projects are invited to implement these services too.
For example, it would make sense for LDAP/ActiveDirectory projects to implement these
interfaces, which would provide them a way to do per-user resource management
enforced by systemd and defined directly in LDAP directories.

## Compatibility with NSS

Two-way compatibility with classic UNIX/glibc NSS user/group records is provided.
When using the Varlink API, lookups into databases provided only via
NSS (and not natively via Varlink) are handled by the `io.systemd.NameServiceSwitch` service (see above).
When using the NSS API (i.e. `getpwnam()` and friends) the `nss-systemd` module will automatically
synthesize NSS records for users/groups natively defined via a Varlink API.
Special care is taken to avoid recursion between these two compatibility mechanisms.

Subsystems that shall provide user/group records to the system may choose
between offering them via an NSS module or via a this Varlink API, either way
all records are accessible via both APIs, due to the bidirectional forwarding.
It is also possible to provide the same records via both APIs
directly, but in that case the compatibility logic must be turned off.
There are mechanisms in place for this, please contact the systemd project for
details, as these are currently not documented.

## Caching of User Records

This API defines no concepts for caching records.
If caching is desired it should be implemented in the subsystems that provide the user records,
not in the clients consuming them.

## Method Calls

```
interface io.systemd.UserDatabase

method GetUserRecord(
        uid : ?int,
        userName : ?string,
        fuzzyNames: ?[]string,
        dispositionMask: ?[]string,
        uidMin: ?int,
        uidMax: ?int,
        service : string
) -> (
        record : object,
        incomplete : bool
)

method GetGroupRecord(
        gid : ?int,
        groupName : ?string,
        fuzzyNames: ?[]string,
        dispositionMask: ?[]string,
        gidMin: ?int,
        gidMax: ?int,
        service : string
) -> (
        record : object,
        incomplete : bool
)

method GetMemberships(
        userName : ?string,
        groupName : ?string,
        service : string
) -> (
        userName : string,
        groupName : string
)

error NoRecordFound()
error BadService()
error ServiceNotAvailable()
error ConflictingRecordFound()
error NonMatchingRecordFound()
error EnumerationNotSupported()
```

The `GetUserRecord` method looks up or enumerates a user record.
If the `uid` parameter is set it specifies the numeric UNIX UID to search for.
If the `userName` parameter is set it specifies the name of the user to search for.
Typically, only one of the two parameters are set, depending whether a
look-up by UID or by name is desired.
However, clients may also specify both parameters, in which case a record matching both will be returned, and if only
one exists that matches one of the two parameters but not the other an error of `ConflictingRecordFound` is returned.
If neither of the two parameters are set the whole user database is enumerated.
In this case the method call needs to be made with `more` set, so that multiple method call replies may be generated as
effect, each carrying one user record.

The `fuzzyNames`, `dispositionMask`, `uidMin`, `uidMax` fields permit
*additional* filtering of the returned set of user records. The `fuzzyNames`
parameter shall be one or more strings that shall be searched for in "fuzzy"
way. What specifically this means is left for the backend to decide, but
typically this should result in substring or string proximity matching of the
primary user name, the real name of the record and possibly other fields that
carry identifying information for the user. The `dispositionMask` field shall
be one of more user record `disposition` strings. If specified only user
records matching one of the specified dispositions should be enumerated. The
`uidMin` and `uidMax` fields specify a minimum and maximum value for the UID of
returned records. Inline searching for `uid` and `userName` support for
filtering with these four additional parameters is optional, and clients are
expected to be able to do client-side filtering in case the parameters are not
supported by a service. The service should return the usual `InvalidParameter`
error for the relevant parameter if one is passed and it does not support
it. If a request is made specifying `uid` or `userName` and a suitable record
is found, but the specified filter via `fuzzyNames`, `dispositionMask`,
`uidMin`, or `uidMax` does not match, a `NonMatchingRecordFound` error should
be returned.

Or to say this differently: the *primary search keys* are
`userName`/`groupName` and `uid`/`gid` and the *secondary search filters* are
`fuzzyNames`, `dispositionMask`, `uidMin`, `uidMax`. If no entry matching
either of the primary search keys are found `NoRecordFound()` is returned. If
one is found that matches one but not the other primary search key
`ConflictingRecordFound()` is returned. If an entry is found that matches the
primary search keys, but not the secondary match filters
`NonMatchingRecordFound()` is returned. Finally, if an entry is found that
matches both the primary search keys and the secondary search filters, they are
returned as successful response. Note that both the primary search keys and the
secondary search filters are optional, it is possible to use both, use one of
the two, or the other of the two, or neither (the latter for a complete dump of
the database).

The `service` parameter is mandatory and should be set to the service name
being talked to (i.e. to the same name as the `AF_UNIX` socket path, with the
`/run/systemd/userdb/` prefix removed). This is useful to allow implementation
of multiple services on the same socket (which is used by
`systemd-userdbd.service`).

The method call returns one or more user records, depending which type of query is
used (see above). The record is returned in the `record` field.
The `incomplete` field indicates whether the record is complete.
Services providing user record lookup should only pass the `privileged` section of user records to
clients that either match the user the record is about or to sufficiently
privileged clients, for all others the section must be removed so that no sensitive data is leaked this way.
The `incomplete` parameter should indicate whether the record has been modified like this or not (i.e. it is `true` if a
`privileged` section existed in the user record and was removed, and `false` if
no `privileged` section existed or one existed but hasn't been removed).

If no user record matching the specified UID or name is known the error
`NoRecordFound` is returned (this is also returned if neither UID nor name are
specified, and hence enumeration requested but the subsystem currently has no
users defined).

If a method call with an incorrectly set `service` field is received
(i.e. either not set at all, or not to the service's own name) a `BadService` error is generated.
Finally, `ServiceNotAvailable` should be returned when the backing subsystem is not operational for some reason and hence no information
about existence or non-existence of a record can be returned nor any user record at all.
(The `service` field is defined in order to allow implementation of daemons that provide multiple distinct user/group services over the same
`AF_UNIX` socket: in order to correctly determine which service a client wants
to talk to, the client needs to provide the name in each request.)

The `GetGroupRecord` method call works analogously but for groups.

The `GetMemberships` method call may be used to inquire about group memberships.
The `userName` and `groupName` arguments take what the name suggests.
If one of the two is specified all matching memberships are returned,
if neither is specified all known memberships of any user and any group are returned.
The return value is a pair of user name and group name, where the user is a member of the group.
If both arguments are specified the specified membership will be tested for, but no others, and the pair is returned if it is
defined. Unless both arguments are specified the method call needs to be made
with `more` set, so that multiple replies can be returned (since typically
there are multiple members per group and also multiple groups a user is member of).
As with `GetUserRecord` and `GetGroupRecord` the `service`
parameter needs to contain the name of the service being talked to, in order to
allow implementation of multiple services within the same IPC socket.
In case no matching membership is known `NoRecordFound` is returned.
The other two errors are also generated in the same cases as for `GetUserRecord` and
`GetGroupRecord`.

Unlike with `GetUserRecord` and `GetGroupRecord` the lists of memberships
returned by services are always combined.
Thus unlike the other two calls a membership lookup query has to wait for the last simultaneous query to complete
before the complete list is acquired.

Note that only the `GetMemberships` call is authoritative about memberships of users in groups.
i.e. it should not be considered sufficient to check the
`memberOf` field of user records and the `members` field of group records to
acquire the full list of memberships.
The full list can only be determined by `GetMemberships`, and as mentioned requires merging of these lists of all local services.
Result of this is that it can be one service that defines a user A,
and another service that defines a group B, and a third service that declares that A is a member of B.

Looking up explicit users/groups by their name or UID/GID, or querying
user/group memberships must be supported by all services implementing these interfaces.
However, supporting enumeration (i.e. user/group lookups that may
result in more than one reply, because neither UID/GID nor name is specified) is optional.
Services which are asked for enumeration may return the `EnumerationNotSupported` error in this case.

And that's really all there is to it.

## Command Line Access

For command line access you can use the
[userdbctl](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/userdbctl.html)
or
[varlinkctl](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/varlinkctl.html)
commands. The `userdbctl` command is more end user friendly and the `varlinkctl`
command can help developers to understand the user database better.

To figure out which methods in the user database are available you can use:

```sh
varlinkctl introspect /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase
```

To get a record for a specific user use:

```sh
varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName": "alice", "service": "io.systemd.Multiplexer"}'
```
