Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#32460: fs: remove _POSIX_C_SOURCE defining

24e5fd3bed fs: remove _POSIX_C_SOURCE defining (fanquake)

Pull request description:

  On Linux systems, `_POSIX_C_SOURCE` will default to `200809L` (since glibc 2.10). There's currently no reason for us to undefine it, and then set it to an earlier value. Also tested with musl libc.

  I think if anything, the project should be settings macros like `_POSIX_C_SOURCE`, globally.

ACKs for top commit:
  hebasto:
    re-ACK 24e5fd3bed, only rebased since my recent [review](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/32460#pullrequestreview-2854183748).

Tree-SHA512: 920d60058821992193616e0c73c2f7e4230a9e3ccb9d71d16493ae69696c868f4325d3dd2d4e8388749080c187aa7b205493b3e2c6986ad37440e591ebe107e1

cmake/introspection.cmake

@@ -55,13 +55,6 @@ check_cxx_source_compiles("
 
 # Check for posix_fallocate().
 check_cxx_source_compiles("
-  // same as in src/util/fs_helpers.cpp
-  #ifdef __linux__
-  #ifdef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
-  #undef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
-  #endif
-  #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200112L
-  #endif // __linux__
   #include <fcntl.h>
 
   int main()

src/util/fs_helpers.cpp

@@ -22,17 +22,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 
 #ifndef WIN32
-// for posix_fallocate, in cmake/introspection.cmake we check if it is present after this
-#ifdef __linux__
-
-#ifdef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
-#undef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
-#endif
-
-#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200112L
-
-#endif // __linux__
-
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 #include <unistd.h>